Uncovering the significance of undone animals' flesh and early treatment on the dynamics of ascariasis using mathematical analysis
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.65112/tcmis.10012Keywords:
Ascariasis, animal flesh, early treatment, mathematical modelling, significanceAbstract
Ascariasis is a type of roundworm infection that occurs in the intestines. It is contracted through contact with worm eggs found in tainted food, soil, or water. This work considers both the human and animal populations. The human population has been subdivided into five compartments, including susceptible humans, exposed humans, lightly infected humans, heavily infected humans, and recovered humans. The animal population has been subdivided into three groups: susceptible animals, exposed animals, and infectious animals. The formulated models have been analyzed. To begin the analysis, we verified the existence and uniqueness of the proposed model, followed by the boundedness and positivity of the solutions. Next, we calculated the effective and basic reproduction numbers, and also verified the local stability of the disease-free equilibrium using the Jacobian matrix. This analysis shows that the disease-free equilibrium is locally asymptotically stable if the effective reproduction number is less than unity. The comparison approach has been used to study the global asymptotic stability of the disease-free equilibrium. It demonstrates that if the effective reproduction number is smaller than unity, the disease-free equilibrium is globally asymptotically stable. The Lyapunov function of the Go-Volterra type has been used to study the global asymptotic stability of the endemic equilibrium. It demonstrates that if the effective reproduction number is more than unity, the endemic equilibrium point is globally asymptotically stable. Numerical simulation shows that early treatment plays a vital role in controlling the dynamics of Ascariasis, as well. It has been observed that consuming raw animal flesh can increase or exacerbate diseases in society. This means that reducing the consumption of raw animal flesh can help control the Ascariasis disease in society.
Downloads
References
[1] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Ascariasis. Retrieved from https://ww w.cdc.gov/parasites/ascariasis 2023.
[2] F. E. G. Cox, ”History of human parasitology,” Clin. Microbiol. Rev., vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 595– 612, Oct. 2002. https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.15.4.595-612.2002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.15.4.595-612.2002
[3] J. Bethony, S. Brooker, M. Albonico, S. M. Geiger, A. Loukas, D. Diemert, et al., ”Soiltransmitted helminth infections: Ascariasis, trichuriasis, and hookworm,” Lancet, vol. 367, no. 9521, pp. 1521–1532, May 6 2006. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68653-420J. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68653-4
[4] S. Brooker, A. C. A. Clements, and D. A. P. Bundy, ”Global epidemiology, ecology and control of soil-transmitted helminth infections,” Adv. Parasitol., vol. 62, pp. 221–261, 2006.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-308X(05)62007-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-308X(05)62007-6
[5] P. J. Hotez, D. H. Molyneux, A. Fenwick, J. Kumaresan, S. E. Sachs, J. D. Sachs, et al., ”Control of neglected tropical diseases,” N. Engl. J. Med., vol. 357, no. 10, pp. 1018–1027, Sep. 6 2007., https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra064142 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra064142
[6] N. R. de Silva, S. Brooker, P. J. Hotez, A. Montresor, D. Engels, and L. Savioli, ”Soiltransmitted helminth infections: Updating the global picture,” Trends Parasitol., vol. 19, no. 12, pp. 547–551, Dec. 2003., https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pt.2003.10.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pt.2003.10.002
[7] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Ascariasis, 2022. https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/ascariasis/index.html
[8] World Health Organisation (WHO), ”Soil-transmitted helminth infections”, 2003. https://www.who.int/news-room/factsheets/detail/soil-transmitted-helminth-infections
[9] P. M. Jourdan, P. H. L. Lamberton, A. Fenwick, and D. G. Addiss, ”Soil-transmitted helminth infections,” Lancet, vol. 391, no. 10117, pp. 252–265, Jan. 20 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)31930-X DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)31930-X
[10] P. R. Hollingsworth, Jr., A. M. Simons, J. A. Fordyce, and C. D. Hulsey, ”Explosive diversification following a benthic to pelagic shift in freshwater fishes,” BMC Evol. Biol., vol. 13, no. 272, p. 272, Dec. 17 2013. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-13-272 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-13-272
[11] M. Betson, P. Nejsum, R. P. Bendall, R. M. Deb, and J. R. Stothard, ”Molecular epidemiology of ascariasis: A global perspective on the transmission dynamics of Ascaris in people and pigs,” J. Infect. Dis., vol. 210, no. 6, pp. 932–941, Sep. 15 2014. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiu193 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiu193
[12] K. Parvatham, L. Veerakumari, and K. Sankarasubramanian, ”A mathematical approach to the carbohydrate catabolism in Ascaris lumbricoides,” Indian J. Sci. Technol., vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 1–5, 2012. https://doi.org/10.17485/ijst/2012/v5i5.2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17485/ijst/2012/v5i5.2
[13] A. C. Fowler and T. D. Hollingsworth, ”The dynamics of Ascaris lumbricoides infections,” Bull. Math. Biol., vol. 78, no. 4, pp. 815–833, Apr. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1007/s115 38-016-0164-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11538-016-0164-2
[14] P. van den Driessche and J. Watmough, ”Reproduction numbers and sub-threshold endemic equilibria for compartmental models of disease transmission,” Math. Biosci., vol. 180, no. 1-2, pp. 29–48, Nov-Dec 2002. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-5564(02)00108-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-5564(02)00108-6
[15] J. P. Lasalle, ”The stability of dynamical systems,” in Regional conference series in applied mathematics. Philadelphia: SIAM, 1976.
[16] J. Andrawus, A. Iliyasu Muhammad, B. Akawu Denue, H. Abdul, A. Yusuf, and S. Salahshour, ”Unraveling the importance of early awareness strategy on the dynamics of drug addiction using mathematical modeling approach,” Chaos, vol. 34, no. 8, p. 083112, Aug. 1 2024. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0203892 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0203892
[17] J. Andrawus, Y. U. Ahmad, A. A. Andrew, A. Yusuf, S. Qureshi, B. A. Denue, et al., ”Impact of surveillance in human-to-human transmission of monkeypox virus,” Eur. Phys. J. Spec. Top., vol. 234, no. 3, pp. 483–514, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-024-01346-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-024-01346-5
[18] J. Andrawus, K. G. Ibrahim, I. Abdullahi, A. Abubakar, and S. I. Maiwa, Mathematical modelling on drug addiction with awareness control, vol. 5. 2024, pp. 107–122.
[19] G. Djatcha Yaleu, S. Bowong, E. Houpa Danga, and J. Kurths, ”Mathematical analysis of the dynamical transmission of Neisseria meningitidis serogroup,” Int. J. Comput. Math., vol. 94, no. 12, pp. 2409–2434, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207160.2017.1283411 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00207160.2017.1283411
[20] E. O. Alzahrani and M. A. Khan, ”Modeling the dynamics of hepatitis E with optimal control,” Chaos Solitons Fractals, vol. 116, pp. 287–301, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chaos.2018.09.033 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chaos.2018.09.033
[21] M. Sholikah and C. Alfiniyah, ”Miswanto, ”Stability analysis and optimal control of mathematical model for the spread of hepatitis E”,” Communications in Mathematical Biology and Neuroscience, vol. 2020, 2020.21J.
[22] M. Uema, K. Yonemitsu, Y. Sasaki, and H. Asakura, ”Detection of hepatitis E virus RNA from pig bile collected at a slaughterhouse in Japan,” AIMS Microbiol., vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 566– 574, Dec. 26 2022. https://doi.org/10.3934/microbiol.2022036 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3934/microbiol.2022036
[23] P. Li, Y. Ji, Y. Li, Z. Ma, and Q. Pan, ”Estimating the global prevalence of hepatitis E virus in swine and pork products,” One Health, vol. 14, p. 100362, Dec. 14 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.onehlt.2021.100362 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.onehlt.2021.100362
[24] S. Osman, B. S. Lassong, M. Dasumani, E. Y. Boateng, W. M. Onsongo, B. Diallo, et al., ”Modeling the transmission routes of hepatitis E Virus as a zoonotic disease using fractional-order derivative,” J. Appl. Math., vol. 2024, no. 1, p. 5168873, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/5168873 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/5168873
[25] E. Ucar, N. Ozdemir, and E. Altun, ”Qualitative analysis and numerical simulations of new model describing cancer,” J. Comput. Appl. Math., vol. 422, no. 114899, p. 114899, 2023.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cam.2022.114899 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cam.2022.114899
[26] S. Hirsch, D. ̈Olz, and C. Schmeiser, ”Existence and uniqueness of solutions for a model of non-sarcomeric actomyosin bundles,” Discrete Contin. Dyn. Syst. Ser. A, vol. 36, no. 9, pp. 4945–4962, 2016. https://doi.org/10.3934/dcds.2016014 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3934/dcds.2016014
[27] J. Andrawus, J. Y. Musa, S. Babuba, A. Yusuf, S. Qureshi, U. T. Mustapha, et al., ”Modeling the dynamics of pertussis to assess the influence of timely awareness with optimal control analysis,” Journal of the Nigerian Society of Physical Sciences, vol. 7, no. 4, p. 2732, 2025. https://doi.org/10.46481/jnsps.2025.2732 DOI: https://doi.org/10.46481/jnsps.2025.2732
[28] J. Andrawusa, K. I. Omotoso, A. A. Andrew, F. Y. Eguda, S. Babuba, and K. G. Ibrahim, ”Mathematical model analysis on the significance of surveillance and awareness on the transmission dynamics of diphtheria,” Journal of the Nigerian Society of Physical Sciences, vol. 7, no. 4, p. 2618, 2025. https://doi.org/10.46481/jnsps.2025.2618 DOI: https://doi.org/10.46481/jnsps.2025.2618
[29] K. Bitrus, F. A. Abdullah, M. O. Adewole, J. Andrawus, S. Qureshi, A. Soomro, et al., ”Uncovering the influence of public awareness on dengue population dynamics: A mathematical model approach,” Bol. Soc. Mat. Mex., vol. 31, no. 2, p. 86, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40590-025-00778-w DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40590-025-00778-w
[30] U. T. Mustapha, A. I. Muhammad, A. Yusuf, N. Althobaiti, A. I. Aliyu, and J. Andrawus, ”Mathematical dynamics of meningococcal meningitis: Examining carrier diagnosis and prophylaxis treatment,” Int. J. Appl. Comput. Math., vol. 11, no. 2, p. 77, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40819-025-01890-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40819-025-01890-1
[31] K. G. Ibrahim, J. Andrawus, A. Abubakar, A. Yusuf, S. I. Maiwa, K. Bitrus, et al., ”Mathematical analysis of chickenpox population dynamics unveiling the impact of booster in enhancing recovery of infected individuals”, Modeling Earth Systems and Environment, vol. 11, artcile 46, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-024-02219-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-024-02219-5
[32] J. Andrawus, A. Abubakar, A. Yusuf, A. A. Andrew, B. Uzun, and S. Salahshour, ”Impact of public awareness on haemo-lyphatic and meningo-encepphalitic stage of sleeping sickness using mathematical model approach,” Eur. Phys. J. Spec. Top., vol. 234, no. 8, pp. 2005– 2023, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-024-01417-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-024-01417-7
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 James Andrawus, Ibrahim Ibrahim Muhammad, Felix Yakubu Eguda, Abdullahi Yusuf
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
All open access articles published in Transactions on Computational Modelling and Intelligent Systems (http://tcmis.org) are distributed under the terms of the CC BY-NC 4.0 license (Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial 4.0 International Public License as currently displayed at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/legalcode) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, for non-commercial purposes, provided the original work is properly cited.
